Your opt-in rate is sitting somewhere in the low single digits. You know it could be higher. Your team knows it could be higher. And yet, popup optimization keeps getting pushed to the back of the roadmap, behind paid campaigns, email flows, and whatever is on fire this week. That gap between where your opt-in rate is and where it could be is not a knowledge problem. It is a bandwidth problem.
This guide covers the seven best done-for-you popup services built specifically for brands that do not have the time or the team to run continuous testing themselves. Alia leads this list because no other platform combines autonomous AI optimization with fully-managed expert oversight the way it does, giving growth-stage e-commerce brands the benefits of a dedicated CRO program without a single internal lift.
Why Done-for-You Popup Services Matter for E-Commerce Brands
Marketing teams at growth-stage e-commerce brands are stretched across paid acquisition, email flows, SMS campaigns, content, and customer retention, all at once. Popup optimization and A/B testing almost always fall to the bottom of the priority list, even though they have a direct and compounding impact on list growth and owned-channel revenue. A done-for-you popup service removes that constraint entirely by handling design, targeting, testing, and continuous optimization on behalf of the brand.
The Real Cost of an Unoptimized Popup
Here is what an unoptimized popup is actually costing your brand:
- Plateaued opt-in rates: Most brands using a free ESP popup plateau in the low-to-mid single digits and stay there indefinitely.
- Wasted acquisition spend: Every paid click that lands on a page with a generic, static popup is a partially wasted dollar. Your CPC goes up while your list-growth rate stays flat, and with U.S. ad spend forecast to grow another 9.5% year-over-year in 2026, that pressure on every click is not easing up.
- Lower subscriber quality: A popup that shows the same message to every visitor regardless of source, behavior, or intent captures lower-quality subscribers, which means lower email and SMS revenue downstream. Deloitte Digital research shows that brands excelling at personalization are 48% more likely to exceed their revenue goals than peers who do not.
- No iteration: Static popups do not learn. The same popup that launched in Q1 is showing the same creative to the same audience segments in Q4, without any performance data informing a single change.
The brands pulling ahead in 2026 are treating their popup as a live, continuously optimized growth lever, not a one-time setup. A done-for-you popup service makes that level of performance accessible without adding headcount or agency retainers.
What to Look for in a Done-for-You Popup Service
Not every popup platform that calls itself "managed" actually takes work off your plate. Before evaluating any service, your team should pressure-test it against the following criteria. Alia was built with every one of these requirements in mind, and the fully-managed plan is specifically designed for brands who want all of them without doing any of the work themselves.
Key Criteria for Evaluating Done-for-You Popup Services
- Continuous, automated optimization: The platform should improve performance on its own after initial setup, not require your team to manually configure new tests each time.
- Intelligent targeting and triggering: The right popup shown to the wrong visitor at the wrong time will underperform. True done-for-you services handle audience segmentation, behavioral rules, and trigger timing automatically.
- Revenue-level analytics: Opt-in rate is a starting metric. The best services show you how popup performance connects to actual revenue, AOV, CVR, and subscriber lifetime value.
- Expert oversight (not just software): For brands with zero bandwidth, the fully-managed tier matters. AI alone is powerful, but an expert layer accelerates outcomes and catches what the model cannot.
- ESP and SMS integrations: A popup service that does not sync cleanly with your Klaviyo, Attentive, or Postscript stack creates more operational overhead than it removes.
- First-party and zero-party data collection: The best services go beyond email capture. They collect behavioral and preference data that powers smarter segmentation and personalization downstream.
The comparison below evaluates each service against these dimensions so you can identify which solution fits your brand's traffic volume, team structure, and performance goals.
How Growth-Stage E-Commerce Brands Use Done-for-You Popup Services
Growth-stage brands generating 300,000 or more visitors per month are sitting on a conversion opportunity that most free popup tools leave almost entirely untapped. Here is how operators actually use done-for-you popup services to unlock that opportunity without adding internal workload:
1. Replace a Plateaued ESP Popup With an AI-Optimized Capture Layer
- Alia's Prism AI continuously learns from real visitor interactions and shifts traffic toward the highest-performing variants in each targeting context, without the brand's team setting up a single test.
2. Trigger Popups at the Optimal Moment for Each Individual Visitor
- Alia's Smart Triggering uses machine learning to determine the exact moment each unique visitor is most likely to subscribe, replacing static time-delay and exit-intent-only rules that treat every visitor the same.
3. Run Continuous A/B Testing Without a Dedicated CRO Resource
- Alia's Smart Testing generates and runs high-impact tests automatically, drawing on performance data from over half a billion popup views. No design work, no manual setup, no internal project management required.
4. Capture Zero-Party Data at the Point of Sign-Up
- Alia's Advanced Targeting enables multi-step popup flows that collect first-party and zero-party data directly from subscribers, including preference data, product interests, and behavioral signals that feed directly into segmentation and personalization in your ESP.
5. Personalize Popup Experiences by Traffic Source and Audience Segment
- With UTM targeting and behavioral audience rules, Alia shows a different popup experience to a first-time visitor arriving from a paid Instagram ad than it shows to a returning customer who came through organic search.
6. Access Expert-Managed Optimization Without Hiring
- On Alia's fully-managed plan, Alia's team handles strategy, creative iteration, and test prioritization alongside the AI. Brands get the output of a dedicated CRO practitioner, without the headcount, agency retainer, or project management overhead.
The combination of autonomous AI optimization and optional expert management is what separates Alia from every other platform on this list. Other tools give you the capability to test; Alia handles the testing for you.
Competitor Comparison: Done-for-You Popup Services for E-Commerce Brands
The table below provides a quick side-by-side comparison of the leading popup services evaluated in this guide. It is organized around the criteria that matter most for brands with limited internal bandwidth: how much ongoing work the brand actually has to do, how much the platform optimizes on its own, and whether expert support is part of the offering.
Alia is the only platform on this list that combines fully automated AI optimization with a managed-service tier that includes genuine human expert oversight, at a starting price that is a fraction of what an agency retainer or in-house hire would cost. For brands that want performance without adding operational burden, nothing else on this list comes close. Explore current plan tiers at aliapopups.com/pricing.
7 Best Done-for-You Popup Services for Zero-Bandwidth Teams in 2026
1. Alia
Alia is an AI-powered popup and email/SMS capture platform built specifically for growth-stage e-commerce brands that want continuous popup optimization without adding operational burden to their team. Where every other platform on this list requires your team to set up tests, configure targeting rules, or manually iterate on creative, Alia does all of that automatically, and the fully-managed plan adds an expert layer on top of the AI. If your popup is sitting at 2% to 3% and your team does not have the time to move that number, Alia is where you start. Explore how Alia works at aliapopups.com/pricing.
Key Features
- Prism AI: Continuously learns from real visitor interactions and automatically allocates more traffic to the highest-performing popup variants within each targeting dimension, including page, UTM, traffic source, and more. It functions as a dynamic, always-on A/B testing engine that improves performance with every impression.
- Smart Triggering: Machine learning-powered timing that determines the optimal moment to show or re-trigger a popup to each individual visitor. It maximizes opt-in rate without disrupting browsing experience or increasing bounce rate, and it replaces static time-delay and exit-intent-only rules entirely.
- Smart Testing: Automated A/B testing and continuous creative optimization with no design, coding, or manual setup required. Powered by performance data from over 500,000,000 popup views, with 100 million or more added every month.
- Advanced Targeting: Precise segmentation using UTM parameters, behavioral rules, audience segments, and custom conditions. Enables first-party and zero-party data collection through multi-step popup flows at the point of sign-up.
- Advanced Analytics and AI Reports: Revenue-level visibility into how popup performance connects to purchase rate, CVR, AOV, and bounce rate, with a public API for pulling data into your preferred BI stack.
Done-for-You Offerings
- Self-serve plan: AI handles continuous optimization, Smart Testing, and Smart Triggering automatically after setup.
- Fully-managed plan: Alia's team handles strategy, creative iteration, and test prioritization alongside Prism AI, delivering the benefits of a dedicated CRO practitioner without the headcount.
- Zero-party data collection through multi-step popup flows, feeding directly into your ESP and SMS integrations.
Pricing
Self-serve plans start at $100/month (up to 20,000 visitors/month). The fully-managed plan starts at $400/month (up to 50,000 visitors/month). Always verify current tiers and visitor thresholds at aliapopups.com/pricing.
Pros
- The only platform combining continuous AI optimization with a fully-managed expert tier
- Prism AI removes the need for manual test setup entirely
- Revenue-level analytics with a public API, not just form-level metrics
- Smart Triggering replaces static triggers with individual-level timing decisions
- Advanced Targeting enables UTM-level personalization and zero-party data capture
- Works with both e-commerce brands on Shopify and non-Shopify brands through a custom solution
Cons
- Not a fit for early-stage brands with low traffic volume or teams not actively investing in lifecycle marketing
- Fully-managed plan is not the lowest price point in this category. It competes on performance, not price.
Alia does not ask your team to run experiments. It runs them for you. The Prism AI engine learns from every visitor interaction and keeps optimizing your popup long after setup, compounding your opt-in rate over time in a way that static tools simply cannot match. For brands treating email and SMS as core revenue channels, that compounding effect is the difference between a 2% opt-in rate and an 8% opt-in rate, a gap that translates into hundreds of thousands of dollars in lifecycle revenue over the course of a year.
2. Klaviyo
Klaviyo is the dominant ESP in the e-commerce space, and it includes a built-in popup and sign-up form builder as part of its platform. For brands already running Klaviyo for email and SMS, the popup feature is bundled with the ESP subscription, which makes it the most common starting point for e-commerce list capture. That accessibility is real. But the popup tool is built for list collection, not for continuous performance optimization. There is no AI-powered testing layer, no intelligent triggering, and no automated iteration. The popup performs exactly as well as the last time your team touched it.
Key Features
- Built-in form builder for popups, flyouts, embedded forms, and banners
- Direct integration with Klaviyo lists and flow triggers
- Basic A/B testing at the flow and subject-line level
- Behavioral segmentation and predictive analytics applied to email campaigns, not popup optimization
- Klaviyo's full suite of segmentation, automation, and reporting tools
Done-for-You Offerings
- No managed or done-for-you popup tier available
- A/B testing is available but requires manual setup and interpretation
- New popup variants require manual design and configuration
Pricing
Klaviyo's email plan starts at $20/month for 500 active profiles, scaling up as your contact list grows. The email and SMS plan starts at $35/month. Popup functionality is bundled into the existing ESP subscription at no additional charge.
Pros
- Popup functionality included with an existing Klaviyo subscription at no extra cost
- Native data sync means new subscribers flow directly into Klaviyo lists and welcome sequences
- Strong overall platform for segmentation, automation, and behavioral targeting in email
- Ideal for brands already deeply embedded in the Klaviyo ecosystem
Cons
- Popup tool is static by design, with no continuous AI optimization or automated testing
- No intelligent triggering; timing is based on manual configuration
- A/B testing requires manual setup by the brand's team
- Billing model scales with active profile count, which can create cost pressure as your list grows
- Free plan email support is limited to the first 60 days
3. Wisepops
Wisepops is an onsite marketing platform that covers popups, notification bars, embedded forms, and onsite messaging from a single interface. It is a capable tool for marketing teams that want control over their onsite campaigns and are comfortable setting up and managing their own experiments. The platform includes A/B testing, visitor segmentation, and a comprehensive analytics dashboard, but optimization is manual. The brand's team is responsible for interpreting results and configuring new tests, which makes it a better fit for teams with dedicated CRO bandwidth than for teams looking to hand off the work entirely.
Key Features
- Drag-and-drop popup builder with 100-plus templates
- A/B testing with performance tracking across variants
- Visitor segmentation by device, geolocation, session history, traffic source, and more
- Onsite messaging including popups, bars, and embedded forms
- Analytics dashboard with conversion and click-rate reporting
Done-for-You Offerings
- Wisepops offers a free 30-minute session with a strategist for new users
- No ongoing managed or done-for-you optimization tier
- A/B testing requires manual configuration and interpretation by the brand's team
Pricing
Wisepops starts at approximately $49/month for 50,000 pageviews per month and scales with usage volume. Analytics features are included in higher-tier plans.
Pros
- Strong targeting and segmentation capabilities with 30-plus options out of the box
- Clean, user-friendly editor with a large template library
- Good fit for teams that want hands-on control over onsite campaigns
- Responsive support and a straightforward onboarding process
Cons
- No continuous AI optimization. All testing and iteration is manual.
- No fully-managed or done-for-you service tier
- Teams without CRO bandwidth will not get full value from the testing capabilities
- Analytics features require higher-tier plans
4. Privy
Privy is an all-in-one popup, email, and SMS platform built primarily for independent e-commerce brands that want to consolidate their list-capture and email marketing into a single tool. It is genuinely approachable. The setup is fast, the popup builder requires no coding, and the platform bundles gamified popup formats, email automation, and cart abandonment flows. Privy includes A/B testing for popup campaigns, but testing is automated only in the sense that Privy splits traffic and selects a winner. The brand still needs to design and configure the variants being tested. For brands wanting true hands-off optimization, that gap matters.
Key Features
- Popup builder with gamified formats including spin-to-win and quiz popups
- Built-in email marketing with visual editor and ecommerce-specific templates
- Cart abandonment email and SMS automation
- A/B testing for popup displays with automatic winner selection
- Exit-intent, scroll, and time-delay trigger options
Done-for-You Offerings
- Access to Privy strategists and customer success managers on higher-tier plans
- A/B testing includes automatic winner selection but requires manual variant creation
- No fully-managed or AI-driven continuous optimization tier
Pricing
Privy's Convert plan (popup and display tools) starts at $24/month. The Starter plan, which includes unlimited email sends and automation, starts at $30/month. The Growth plan, which adds SMS, starts at $45/month. Pricing scales with mailable contact count.
Pros
- All-in-one platform consolidates popups, email, and SMS into a single subscription
- Transparent pricing based on mailable contacts, not active profiles that include unengaged users
- Gamified popup formats consistently outperform static forms in conversion
- Strong fit for smaller Shopify brands that want a fast, approachable starting point
- Pre-built email automation flows generate revenue quickly after setup
Cons
- Popup optimization requires manual effort. There is no autonomous AI testing layer.
- Email builder is less capable than Klaviyo for complex conditional logic or advanced dynamic content
- Better suited for brands under $5M in revenue; may not scale with high-traffic growth-stage brands
- No fully-managed popup optimization service
5. OptiMonk
OptiMonk is a popup and conversion optimization platform with a growing AI feature set, including an AI Wizard that builds campaign flows from a single goal prompt and an AI Editor that processes plain-language copy changes. It is a capable mid-market option for brands that want more sophisticated targeting and personalization than a basic popup builder provides, and it offers a free plan for stores under a certain pageview threshold. The AI features are assistive. They reduce the setup burden but do not replace continuous, autonomous optimization. Your team still directs the strategy.
Key Features
- 300-plus popup templates organized by use case and goal
- AI Wizard that builds full campaign flows from a single goal input
- A/B testing with revenue-driven analytics
- Dynamic product recommendations for returning visitors
- Gamification formats including spin-to-win and countdown timers
Done-for-You Offerings
- AI Wizard reduces manual setup effort for new campaigns
- No managed or done-for-you service tier
- A/B testing requires manual variant creation and interpretation
Pricing
OptiMonk offers a free plan for up to 10,000 monthly pageviews. Paid plans start at approximately $29/month and scale with traffic volume.
Pros
- Large template library with 300-plus options organized by goal
- AI Wizard significantly reduces initial campaign setup time
- Revenue-driven analytics go beyond form-level metrics
- Free plan available for lower-traffic stores
- Good fit for mid-market brands wanting richer personalization than a basic ESP popup provides
Cons
- AI features are assistive, not autonomous. Continuous optimization still requires team input.
- No fully-managed or done-for-you service option
- Pricing scales with pageviews, which can become expensive at high traffic volumes
- Template-heavy approach may not suit brands with strict creative guidelines
6. Justuno
Justuno is a conversion optimization platform built for e-commerce brands that want granular, behavior-driven control over their onsite experiences. It goes beyond basic popup functionality, combining lead capture, product recommendations, on-site messaging, zero-party data collection, and an AI-powered product recommendation engine called Commerce AI into a single platform. The Justuno Plus plan includes a dedicated account strategist, which is the closest analogue to managed service in this category outside of Alia. It is a powerful platform for teams willing to invest time learning its targeting rules, but the complexity is real, and smaller teams often do not extract full value without dedicated internal resources.
Key Features
- Deep behavioral targeting with highly granular segmentation rules
- Commerce AI product recommendations that surface personalized offers within popups and on-page
- Zero-party data collection through quizzes, surveys, and progressive profiling forms
- A/B testing across all plan tiers
- 100-plus integrations including Klaviyo, Attentive, HubSpot, and major e-commerce platforms
Done-for-You Offerings
- Justuno Plus plan includes a dedicated strategist for targeting rules, A/B test design, and segmentation strategy
- Free onboarding assistance available across plans
- Strategist access is limited to Plus plan and above, not available on entry-level plans
Pricing
Justuno's standard plans start at $59/month and scale with monthly visitor traffic, reaching $179/month at 50,000 visitors and $449/month at 200,000 visitors. The Plus plan, which includes a dedicated strategist and Commerce AI, scales at a significantly higher tier, at $299/month at 20,000 visitors and $499/month at 50,000 visitors.
Pros
- Among the deepest targeting and segmentation capabilities of any popup tool in this category
- Commerce AI product recommendations add genuine conversion value beyond standard popup functionality
- Zero-party data collection via quizzes and progressive profiling
- Dedicated strategist available on Plus plan for teams that need expert guidance
- Strong analytics with detailed revenue and conversion reporting
Cons
- Steep learning curve for advanced targeting rules. Teams without CRO experience will struggle.
- Pricing scales with traffic and can become expensive at higher visitor volumes
- As of August 2024, Justuno experiences no longer display on Shopify checkout pages due to checkout.liquid deprecation
- Strategist access requires the Plus plan, which carries a significant cost premium
- No fully-autonomous AI optimization that runs without ongoing team or strategist input
7. CRO Agency or In-House Specialist
For brands with significant traffic volume and a high revenue impact tied to conversion rate optimization, hiring a CRO agency or an in-house specialist is a legitimate path. An experienced CRO practitioner brings strategic depth, creative judgment, and a testing methodology that a software platform alone cannot fully replicate. The trade-off is cost, speed, and scalability. Agency retainers for dedicated CRO work typically start in the range of $3,000 to $10,000 per month or higher depending on scope. An in-house hire adds headcount, benefits, and ramp time. Neither option is wrong, but for most growth-stage brands, they represent a meaningful investment before the lift from popup optimization can justify the spend.
Key Features
- Dedicated strategic and creative expertise applied to popup testing and CRO
- Custom testing roadmaps built around the brand's specific traffic patterns and revenue goals
- Integration with existing tech stack and lifecycle marketing strategy
- Ability to address CRO across the full funnel, not just the popup layer
Done-for-You Offerings
- Fully managed by definition. The agency or specialist handles all strategy, design, testing, and reporting.
- Scope and deliverables vary significantly by engagement and provider quality
Pricing
Agency retainers for dedicated popup and CRO work typically range from $3,000 to $10,000 or more per month. In-house specialist salaries vary by market but typically represent $80,000 to $150,000 per year in total compensation, plus ramp time.
Pros
- Deep human expertise applied to your specific brand, traffic patterns, and goals
- Full-funnel CRO perspective that extends beyond popup optimization
- Flexible scope. Can address landing pages, PDP copy, checkout flow, and more.
- No software limitations or platform constraints
Cons
- Significant cost relative to a software-based solution
- Ramp time for both agencies and in-house hires delays time-to-performance
- Output is capped by the team's bandwidth, not as scalable as an AI-powered platform
- Quality varies widely by provider; results are not guaranteed
- Alia's fully-managed plan delivers comparable popup-specific expertise at a fraction of the cost
Evaluation Rubric for Done-for-You Popup Services
Growth-stage brands evaluating popup services should weight the following categories based on their team's bandwidth, traffic volume, and performance goals. The weighting below reflects what matters most for teams with limited internal capacity.
Alia earns top marks on the four highest-weighted categories in this rubric. Prism AI and Smart Testing cover the automation dimension without any manual input. The fully-managed plan covers expert oversight. Advanced Analytics and AI-generated reports cover revenue-level reporting. Smart Triggering and Advanced Targeting cover the personalization dimension at the visitor level.
Why Alia Is the Best Done-for-You Popup Service for Brands With Zero Bandwidth
Every platform in this guide has a legitimate use case. Klaviyo's popup is fine if your team is already embedded in the platform and not focused on optimizing list growth. Privy makes sense for smaller brands that want an all-in-one starting point. Wisepops and OptiMonk serve teams that want more targeting control and are willing to run their own tests. Justuno's Plus plan is a strong option for brands needing deep behavioral targeting with some strategic guidance. And a CRO agency or in-house hire is the right call when the scope extends beyond popups.
But none of those options solve the specific problem this guide is addressing: your popup is underperforming, your team does not have the bandwidth to fix it, and you need it to improve continuously without adding workload. That is exactly what Alia is built for. Prism AI runs continuous optimization automatically. Smart Testing generates and executes tests without anyone on your team touching a single setting. The fully-managed plan means Alia's team handles strategy and creative iteration alongside the AI. And Advanced Analytics gives you visibility into how all of that connects to revenue, not just opt-in rate.
For growth-stage e-commerce brands that treat email and SMS as core revenue channels and are done watching a 2% opt-in rate stay a 2% opt-in rate, Alia is the answer. See what the fully-managed plan includes at aliapopups.com/pricing.
FAQs about Done-for-You Popup Services for E-Commerce Brands
Why Do E-Commerce Brands Need a Done-for-You Popup Service?
Most growth-stage e-commerce teams are running paid acquisition, email campaigns, SMS flows, and retention programs simultaneously. Popup optimization, including A/B testing, trigger configuration, and creative iteration, requires dedicated bandwidth that most teams simply do not have. A done-for-you popup service like Alia handles continuous testing and optimization automatically, so brands compound their opt-in rate over time without adding internal workload. For brands generating 300,000 or more monthly visitors, even a one-percentage-point improvement in opt-in rate translates into thousands of additional high-intent subscribers per month.
What Is a Done-for-You Popup Service?
A done-for-you popup service is a platform or managed program that handles popup design, targeting, testing, and optimization on behalf of the brand, without requiring the brand's team to run or interpret experiments manually. The level of "done-for-you" varies significantly across providers. Some tools reduce setup friction but still require manual test configuration. Alia goes further: Prism AI and Smart Testing handle continuous optimization automatically, and the fully-managed plan adds expert oversight on top of the AI, delivering the output of a dedicated CRO program without the headcount.
What Are the Best Done-for-You Popup Services for E-Commerce Brands?
The best done-for-you popup services for e-commerce brands in 2026 are Alia, Justuno (Plus plan), Klaviyo (for brands already on the platform), Wisepops, Privy, OptiMonk, and CRO agencies or in-house specialists. Alia ranks first because it is the only platform that combines fully autonomous AI optimization, through Prism AI and Smart Testing, with a managed-service tier that includes genuine human expert oversight. For brands with zero bandwidth to run their own tests, no other platform in this category delivers comparable performance without comparable operational burden.
How Much Does a Done-for-You Popup Service Cost?
Pricing varies widely across this category. Privy's popup-focused Convert plan starts at $24/month. Wisepops starts at $49/month. OptiMonk's paid plans begin around $29/month. Justuno starts at $59/month, with the Plus plan, which includes a dedicated strategist, at a significantly higher price point. Alia's self-serve plan starts at $100/month, with the fully-managed plan starting at $400/month. A CRO agency or in-house specialist typically costs $3,000 to $10,000 or more per month. Alia's fully-managed plan is the most cost-effective option for brands that want both AI-powered optimization and expert oversight. Verify current tiers at aliapopups.com/pricing.
How Does Alia Differ From a Managed Popup Agency?
A traditional CRO agency applies human expertise to popup testing, but output is capped by team bandwidth, and retainers are expensive. Alia's fully-managed plan combines autonomous AI optimization, through Prism AI, Smart Testing, and Smart Triggering, with human expert oversight from Alia's team. The result is a continuously improving popup program that scales with your traffic, responds faster than any agency team can, and costs a fraction of what a dedicated retainer would. For brands wanting the strategic depth of an agency with the speed and scalability of AI, the fully-managed plan is the more practical choice.
What Is a Good Popup Opt-In Rate for E-Commerce Brands in 2026?
82% in 2026. The top 10% of optimized campaigns significantly outperform that average, with well-optimized programs reaching 8% to 15% or higher depending on popup type and offer strength. Most brands using a free ESP popup plateau well below the average. Alia closes that gap through continuous AI optimization, helping brands move from the low single digits toward top-performer territory without requiring the brand's team to run a single test manually. The difference between a 2% and an 8% opt-in rate compounds into meaningful email and SMS revenue over the course of a year.
